Ocorrência de bactérias diazotróficas e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na cultura da mandioca

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência, isolar e identificar fungos micorrízicos arbusculares associados à cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta). Amostras de solo rizosférico e de várias partes da planta (raízes, tubérculos, manivas e folhas) de locais nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná, foram inoculadas nos meios LGI-P, NFb-malato e NFb-GOC, avaliando-se o número mais provável de células e a atividade de redução de acetileno. Bactérias diazotróficas foram isoladas de todas as partes da planta, com exceção das folhas, sendo identificadas como Klebsiella sp., Azospirillum lipoferum e uma bactéria denominada "E", provavelmente pertencente ao gênero Burkholderia. A Bactéria E acumulou de 7,63 mg a 14,84 mg de N/g de C em meio semi-sólido, isento de N, e conseguiu manter a capacidade de fixação biológica de N, mesmo após uma dezena de repicagens consecutivas. A colonização micorrízica variou de 31% a 69%, e a densidade de esporos de 10 a 384 esporos/100 mL de solo, predominando as espécies Entrophospora colombiana e Acaulospora scrobiculata no Rio de Janeiro, A. scrobiculata e Scutellospora heterogama no Paraná e em Piracicaba (São Paulo) e A. appendicula e S. pellucida em Campinas (São Paulo)

Importância do sistema de semeadura direta na população microbiana do solo.

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How strongly do word reading times and lexical decision times correlate? Combining data from eye movement corpora and megastudies

We assess the amount of shared variance between three measures of visual word recognition latencies: eye movement latencies, lexical decision times and naming times. After partialling out the effects of word frequency and word length, two well-documented predictors of word recognition latencies, we see that 7-44% of the variance is uniquely shared between lexical decision times and naming times, depending on the frequency range of the words used. A similar analysis of eye movement latencies shows that the percentage of variance they uniquely share either with lexical decision times or with naming times is much lower. It is 5 – 17% for gaze durations and lexical decision times in studies with target words presented in neutral sentences, but drops to .2% for corpus studies in which eye movements to all words are analysed. Correlations between gaze durations and naming latencies are lower still. These findings suggest that processing times in isolated word processing and continuous text reading are affected by specific task demands and presentation format, and that lexical decision times and naming times are not very informative in predicting eye movement latencies in text reading once the effect of word frequency and word length are taken into account. The difference between controlled experiments and natural reading suggests that reading strategies and stimulus materials may determine the degree to which the immediacy-of-processing assumption and the eye-mind assumption apply. Fixation times are more likely to exclusively reflect the lexical processing of the currently fixated word in controlled studies with unpredictable target words rather than in natural reading of sentences or texts

Alzheimer disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers moderate baseline differences and predict longitudinal change in attentional control and episodic memory composites in the adult children study

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive measures that are sensitive to biological markers of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology are needed in order to (a) facilitate preclinical staging, (b) identify individuals who are at the highest risk for developing clinical symptoms and (c) serve as endpoints for evaluating the efficacy of interventions. The present study assesses the utility of two cognitive composite scores of attentional control and episodic memory as markers for preclinical AD pathology in a group of cognitively normal older adults (N = 238), as part of the Adult Children Study. METHOD: All participants were given a baseline cognitive assessment and follow-up assessments every 3 years over an 8-year period, as well as a lumbar puncture within two years of the initial assessment to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and a PET-PIB scan for amyloid imaging. RESULTS: Results indicated that attentional control was correlated with levels of Aβ42 at the initial assessment whereas episodic memory was not. Longitudinally, individuals with high CSF tau exhibited a decline in both attention and episodic memory over the course of the study. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that measures of attentional control and episodic memory can be utilized to evaluate cognitive decline in preclinical AD and provide support that CSF tau may be a key mechanism driving longitudinal cognitive change

The relation between personality and biomarkers in sensitivity and conversion to Alzheimer-type dementia

OBJECTIVES: The present study explored relationships among personality, Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) biomarkers, and dementia by addressing the following questions: (1) Does personality discriminate healthy aging and earliest detectable stage of AD? (2) Does personality predict conversion from healthy aging to early-stage AD? (3) Do AD biomarkers mediate any observed relationships between personality and dementia status/conversion? METHODS: Both self- and informant ratings of personality were obtained in a large well-characterized longitudinal sample of cognitively normal older adults (N = 436) and individuals with early-stage dementia (N = 74). Biomarkers included amyloid imaging, hippocampal volume, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42, and CSF tau. RESULTS: Higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness, along with all four biomarkers strongly discriminated cognitively normal controls from early-stage AD individuals. The direct effects of neuroticism and conscientiousness were only mediated by hippocampal volume. Conscientiousness along with all biomarkers predicted conversion from healthy aging to early-stage AD; however, none of the biomarkers mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and conversion. Conscientiousness predicted conversion as strongly as the biomarkers, with the exception of hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS: Conscientiousness and to a lesser extent neuroticism serve as important independent behavioral markers for AD risk

Evaluating cognitive relationships with resting-state and task-driven blood oxygen level-dependent variability

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported that moment-to-moment variability in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is positively associated with task performance and, thus, may reflect a behaviorally sensitive signal. However, it is not clear whether estimates of resting-state and task-driven BOLD variability are differentially related to cognition, as they may be driven by distinct sources of variance in the BOLD signal. Moreover, other studies have suggested that age differences in resting-state BOLD variability may be particularly sensitive to individual differences in cardiovascular, rather than neural, factors. In this study, we tested relationships between measures of behavioral task performance and BOLD variability during both resting-state and task-driven runs of a Stroop and an animacy judgment task in a large, well-characterized sample of cognitively normal middle-aged to older adults. Resting-state BOLD variability was related to composite measures of global cognition and attentional control, but these relationships were eliminated after correction for age or cardiovascular estimates. In contrast, task-driven BOLD variability was related to attentional control measured both inside and outside the scanner, and importantly, these relationships persisted after correction for age and cardiovascular measures. Overall, these results suggest that BOLD variability is a behaviorally sensitive signal. However, resting-state and task-driven estimates of BOLD variability may differ in the degree to which they are sensitive to age-related, cardiovascular, and neural mechanisms

Biomassa microbiana e sua atividade em solos sob diferentes sistemas de preparo e sucessão de culturas.

RESUMO: Foi avaliada a biomassa microbiana e sua atividade, em solo submetido às sucessões de culturas trigo/soja e trigo/milho, preparado pelo sistema convencional e em plantio direto. A avaliação foi realizada em um experimento realizado em um Latossolo Roxo desde 1976 na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná-IAPAR, em Londrina (PR). Foram coletadas amostras na profundidade de 0-15 cm, dez dias após o plantio e sete dias antes da colheita da cultura de verão e de inverno dos anos de 1992, 1993 e 1994. Avaliaram-se a respiracão basal do solo e o carbono da biomassa microbiana pelo método de fumigação-incubação; o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, pelo método da fumigação-extração, o quociente metabólico e a relação C mic/Corg dos solos. Houve poucas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, em função das diferentes sucessões de culturas. As parcelas sob plantio direto apresentaram incrementos de 118 e 101% no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respectivamente, de 73% na respiração basal e de 96% na relação C mic/Corg, enquanto houve um decréscimo de 28% no quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que a prática do plantio direto proporciona maior biomassa microbiana e menor perda relativa de C via respiração, podendo determinar, assim, maior acúmulo de C no solo a longo prazo. Conseqüentemente, os parâmetros microbiológicos mostraram-se bons indicadores de alterações do solo em função do manejo. ABSTRACT: In this study, microbial biomass and its activity were evaluated on a soil submitted to crop rotations with heat/soybean and wheat/maize under the no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The evaluation was performed on an experiment established since 1976 at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina (PR), Brazil. Soil samples were taken in the plough layer (0-15 cm) ten days after planting and seven days before harvesting summer and winter crops during 1992, 1993 and 1994. The basal respiration and the microbial biomass carbon were evaluated by the fumigation-incubation method, and the microbial biomass nitrogen was evaluated by fumigation-extraction, the determination of the metabolic coefficient and the relation C mic/C org of the soil. There were few significant differences on the parameters related above as a result of the different crop rotations. However, when compared with the conventional tillage, the plots under the no-tillage system have shown increases of 118 and 101% on carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, respectively, of 73% on basal respiration and of 96% on the relation Cmic/Corg, while the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) has decreased by 28%. The continuous use of the no-tillage system, either under wheat/soybean or wheat/maize crop rotation resulted in increases in microbial biomass and decreases in microbial respiration, therefore having measurable long term effects on the increase of soil C content. Consequently, microbial biomass has shown to be a good indicator to evaluate the effects of long term management on soil alteration

Biomassa microbiana e sua atividade em solos sob diferentes sistemas de preparo e sucessão de culturas.

RESUMO: Foi avaliada a biomassa microbiana e sua atividade, em solo submetido às sucessões de culturas trigo/soja e trigo/milho, preparado pelo sistema convencional e em plantio direto. A avaliação foi realizada em um experimento realizado em um Latossolo Roxo desde 1976 na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná-IAPAR, em Londrina (PR). Foram coletadas amostras na profundidade de 0-15 cm, dez dias após o plantio e sete dias antes da colheita da cultura de verão e de inverno dos anos de 1992, 1993 e 1994. Avaliaram-se a respiracão basal do solo e o carbono da biomassa microbiana pelo método de fumigação-incubação; o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, pelo método da fumigação-extração, o quociente metabólico e a relação C mic/Corg dos solos. Houve poucas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, em função das diferentes sucessões de culturas. As parcelas sob plantio direto apresentaram incrementos de 118 e 101% no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respectivamente, de 73% na respiração basal e de 96% na relação C mic/Corg, enquanto houve um decréscimo de 28% no quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que a prática do plantio direto proporciona maior biomassa microbiana e menor perda relativa de C via respiração, podendo determinar, assim, maior acúmulo de C no solo a longo prazo. Conseqüentemente, os parâmetros microbiológicos mostraram-se bons indicadores de alterações do solo em função do manejo. ABSTRACT: In this study, microbial biomass and its activity were evaluated on a soil submitted to crop rotations with heat/soybean and wheat/maize under the no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The evaluation was performed on an experiment established since 1976 at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina (PR), Brazil. Soil samples were taken in the plough layer (0-15 cm) ten days after planting and seven days before harvesting summer and winter crops during 1992, 1993 and 1994. The basal respiration and the microbial biomass carbon were evaluated by the fumigation-incubation method, and the microbial biomass nitrogen was evaluated by fumigation-extraction, the determination of the metabolic coefficient and the relation C mic/C org of the soil. There were few significant differences on the parameters related above as a result of the different crop rotations. However, when compared with the conventional tillage, the plots under the no-tillage system have shown increases of 118 and 101% on carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, respectively, of 73% on basal respiration and of 96% on the relation Cmic/Corg, while the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) has decreased by 28%. The continuous use of the no-tillage system, either under wheat/soybean or wheat/maize crop rotation resulted in increases in microbial biomass and decreases in microbial respiration, therefore having measurable long term effects on the increase of soil C content. Consequently, microbial biomass has shown to be a good indicator to evaluate the effects of long term management on soil alteration